浅析进口原油安全技术说明书

以原油这一具有危险品属性的战略物资作为研究对象,分析各国对原油进行MSDS登记的现状,对多种进口原油安全技术说明书进行分类归纳.介绍各国在危险品分类、健康环保、职业防护等多方面开展的工作,对照比较国内相应法规和标准体系,以期对我国石油产品安全技术说明书的编写工作有所助益.对进口原油中的有害物质组分依照职业卫生标准,进行了归纳,实现健康危险限值的快速核定.为我国进一步推行GHS制度,完善构建合理的危险化学品管理、法规、执行体系,在安全技术说观书这一领域提出相关建议.     

钢铁行业碳排放量核算方法的实证性研究

介绍了碳排放量核算的基本原理与通用方法。以某钢铁公司焦化厂CO2排放量计算为实例,对比分析了物料衡算法和经验计算法的合理性和准确性。研究发现,对于钢铁企业来说,采用IPCC方法进行CO2排放量的计算是可行的。     

地震应急物资需求预测的模糊案例推理技术

地震发生后,及时迅速地应急响应是提升应急救援效率、降低震害损失的重要工作之一,而作为震后灾区应急响应前提和基础的物资需求预测是急需解决的关键问题之一。考虑到震后灾区信息贫乏的特点,引入1种基于模糊案例推理的震后物资需求预测技术。首先,在对已有案例库分析总结的基础上,提取若干影响震后物资需求的地震关键特征属性,通过引入模糊集合的概念,建立地震特征模糊集合;其次,计算新旧案例具体特征属性值对于模糊集的隶属度,为了度量新旧案例之间的相似程度,计算基于新旧案例特征属性权重的修正测度贴近度,贴近度最大者代表新旧案例之间的最佳匹配;最后,使用1个实际案例展示技术的具体应用过程,得到与新案例最近似的已有参考案例,为灾后应急救援提供借鉴。     

处理污水后陶粒作为栽培基质的试验

以秸秆-粉煤灰陶粒（比表面积为7．925m2·g-1）作为曝气生物滤池（BAF）载体填料,处理城市污水和餐饮废水,其COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别为90．33％、77．44％、82．41％和86．50％、68．98％、80．30％。对处理污水后陶粒的农用资源化可行性进行评估,考察陶粒不同施用量对小白菜（Brassicachinensis）种子萌发、生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明,处理污水后陶粒的性能指标达到GB8172—87《城镇垃圾农用标准》;陶粒质量分数为20％时小白菜种子发芽率最高,且萌发较快,在5d时达到100％;随陶粒施用量增加,小白菜长势更好,产量大致呈增加趋势,陶粒质量分数为80％时增产率最高,为352．51％。但陶粒施用量越高,栽培基质抗干旱能力越差,陶粒质量分数为20％和40％处理具有较好的土壤保湿效果。     

植物收割对人工湿地去除多环芳烃的影响

人工模拟北京市清河水质,研究模拟人工湿地中植物收割对PAHs去除效果的影响.结果显示:植物和填料对PAHs的去除均有一定的贡献率.湿地种植芦竹并添加填料后对2环萘、3环菲、4环芘和5环苯并[a]芘的去除率平均提高了34.82%、47.92%、19.70%和7.78%.湿地植物收割后,对萘、菲、芘和苯并[a]芘的平均去除率分别提高了11.31%、10.42%、21.21%和12.22%,且在收割后第2周期达到最大.植物收割后,第1周期的相对生长率最低(0.03~0.04cm/d),第2周期的相对生长率最高(0.47~0.51cm/d),第4周期的相对生长率恢复正常水平(0.17~0.23cm/d);对PAHs的去除率在第4周期恢复正常水平.     

产氢产乙酸和产甲烷反应对厌氧消化的限速作用

为明晰厌氧消化过程的主要限速步骤,分别以丁酸、乙酸、H₂/CO₂为基质,在37℃和pH 5.00~9.00条件下对厌氧活性污泥进行培养,依据Shelford耐受定律对食丁酸产氢产乙酸菌（SBOB）、乙酸营养型产甲烷菌（ACM）和氢营养型产甲烷菌（HTM）的pH值生态幅及基质转化速率进行分析.结果表明,SBOB、ACM和HTM的pH值生态幅分别为6.19~8.59、5.50~7.74和4.39~9.23,其代谢最适pH值分别为7.39、6.62和6.81.在最适pH值条件下,厌氧活性污泥对丁酸、乙酸、H₂/CO₂的转化速率分别为0.86、1.04和1.09gCOD_equ/（gMLVSS·d）.可见,与产甲烷菌相比,产氢产乙酸菌的pH值生态幅更窄,基质转化速率更慢,对厌氧消化过程具有更为显著的限制作用.     

莲花山矿区土壤-农作物系统中重金属调控

以广东省莲花山钨矿区耕地为研究点,研究土壤金属含量分布、形态特征及其调控措施。分析耕地土壤中Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd、As含量特征,以碱石灰、MnO2、Fe2O3和钙镁磷肥作为改良剂,对矿区污染耕地土壤进行改良,并种植萝卜Raphanus sativus,分析各改良剂对土壤金属形态及其在土壤-农作物界面迁移的影响。研究表明,矿区耕地土壤酸化, Zn、Mn、Pb、Cd和As超过土壤背景值,其中Cd和As污染严重,分别超过背景值的10.2-16.7倍和1.1-1.3倍。碱石灰有效降低耕地土壤pH值,降低土壤Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd可溶态含量,减少其在萝卜中积累。萝卜对Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Ni累积量与其可溶态含量相关性显著,与总量相关性不显著。Fe2O3、MnO2、钙镁磷肥对耕地土壤Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn、Pb、Cd 生物有效性及其在农作物中累积量无显著影响。矿区耕地土壤分别添加碱石灰、Fe2O3、MnO2,土壤中砷松散结合态含量降低,农作物砷累积量减少。钙镁磷肥对土壤砷形态无显著影响,但能显著降低萝卜中砷的累积量。碱石灰分别与Fe2O3、MnO2、钙镁磷肥相结合改良耕地土壤,比单一改良剂更能有效降低萝卜中砷的累积量。萝卜中砷累积量与松散结合态存在显著正相关性,与Ca-As存在显著负相关性。碱石灰分别和Fe2O3、钙镁磷肥同时加入土壤,能同时地有效降低Zn、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd、As的有效性,及其在农作物累积量,因此,这2种改良方式是莲花山矿区土壤金属固定的有效措施。     

Formal and informal material aid following the 2010 Haiti earthquake as reported by camp dwellers

Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, more than two million people moved to temporary camps, most of which arose spontaneously in the days after the earthquake. This study focuses on the material assistance people in five Port‐au‐Prince camps reported receiving, noting the differences between assistance from formal aid agencies and from ‘informal’ sources such as family. Seven weeks after the earthquake, 32% of camp dwellers reported receiving no assistance whatsoever; 55% had received formal aid, typically a tent or tarpaulins; and 40% had received informal aid, usually in the form of cash transfers from family living abroad. While people were grateful for any material aid, cash was more frequently considered timely and more effective than aid‐in‐kind. Should this study be indicative of the greater displaced population, aid agencies should consider how they might make better use of cash transfers as an aid modality.     

Eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism: a case study in Xiamen,China

In this research, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model of measuring the eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism has been constructed based on the urban material input and output indicators. According to the data of Xiamen from 1985 to 2007, an empirical study was conducted to measure the eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism using DEA program. The results showed a general downtrend of Xiamen's eco-efficiency of material metabolism from 1985 to 2007, in which there were 15 efficient years and eight inefficient years. The eco-efficiency and urbanization rate of Xiamen was remarkably negatively correlated. Moreover, the results revealed at 4 years (1995, 2001, 2002 and 2003) there had been undesirable output slack (environmental pollution), and at 2 years (1991 and 1999) there had been desirable output slack (GDP), and at 8 years there had been input slack (water, land, food and energy), especially for water and energy. Finally, some suggestions on promoting the eco-efficiency of urban material metabolism were put forward.     

Removal of basic fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions using graphite oxide modified aromatic polyurethane foam material

Graphite oxide modified polyurethane foam (GO/PUF) was used for adsorption of basic fuchsin from aqueous solution and adsorption conditions were optimized to attain an efficiency of 99.5%. The adsorption isotherm was in agreement with the Langmuir model. Kinetic study followed pseudo-second order. Determination of Gibbs free energy and enthalpy change of adsorption indicated spontaneous and endothermic adsorption behavior, suggesting that the adsorbent had a potential for the removal of dyes from industrial wastewater.